Conjunctions in English Grammar | Rules, Types, and Examples

 

Conjunction (समुच्चयबोधक अव्यय)

परिभाषा (Definition)Conjunction वह शब्द है जो दो शब्दों, वाक्यांशों या वाक्यों को जोड़ता है।
 Example:

• Ram and Shyam are friends.
• I went to the market but bought nothing.

हिंदी में इसे समुच्चयबोधक अव्यय कहते हैं।

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 मुख्य प्रकार (Types of Conjunctions)

(A) Coordinating Conjunctions

समान स्तर (equal rank) के शब्द/वाक्य जोड़ने के लिए।
FANBOYS formula याद रखें:

• F – For (क्योंकि)
• A – And (और)
• N – Nor (और न)
• B – But (लेकिन)
• O – Or (या)
• Y – Yet (फिर भी)
• S – So (इसलिए)

Examples:

• He is poor but honest.
• Work hard, or you will fail.

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(B) Subordinating Conjunctions

मुख्य वाक्य (Main Clause) को आश्रित वाक्य (Subordinate Clause) से जोड़ते हैं।

• Time (समय): when, while, after, before, until, since
• Cause/Reason (कारण): because, as, since, that
• Condition (शर्त): if, unless, provided that
• Contrast (विपरीत): though, although, even if
• Purpose (उद्देश्य): so that, in order that
• Result (परिणाम): so…that, such…that

 Examples:

• I will wait until you come.
• She failed because she was careless.
• He worked hard so that he could pass.

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(C) Correlative Conjunctions (युग्मबोधक)

ये जोड़े में प्रयोग होते हैं।

• either…or (या तो…या)
• neither…nor (न तो…न ही)
• both…and (दोनों…और)
• not only…but also (केवल…नहीं बल्कि…भी)
• whether…or (चाहे…या)

 Examples:

• Either Sita or Gita will come.
• He is not only intelligent but also hardworking.

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NOTE-Important Rules

1. Subject-Verb Agreement:
• Either…or / Neither…nor → verb near subject के अनुसार लगेगा।
   Either he is wrong or his friends are.
2. Correlative Conjunctions हमेशा pair में प्रयोग होंगे।
   She is both beautiful and wise.
3. Although/Though → main clause में yet/but नहीं आएगा।
    Although he is poor, he is honest. (✔)
    Although he is poor, yet he is honest. (✘)
4. Until और Unless का अर्थ अलग है:
• until = जब तक (समय)
• unless = यदि नहीं (शर्त)
  Wait here until I return.
  You cannot pass unless you work hard.

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Conjunctions with Hindi Meaning

Conjunction	Meaning (Hindi)
And	और
But	लेकिन
Or	या
So	इसलिए
Yet	फिर भी
For	क्योंकि
because	क्योंकि
If	यदि
Unless	जब तक नहीं
though/although	यद्यपि
Since	से / क्योंकि
until/till	जब तक
as soon as	जैसे ही
Before	पहले
After	बाद में
in order that	ताकि
not only…but also	न केवल…बल्कि…भी
either…or	या तो…या
neither…nor	न तो…न ही
both…and	दोनों…और
whether…or	चाहे…या

✨   Sentence Joining with Coordinating Conjunctions (FANBOYS)

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AND (और)

दो समान/सकारात्मक विचारों को जोड़ने में प्रयोग।

Questions:

1. Ram went to the market. He bought some fruits.
2. She is honest. She is hardworking.
3. I met Mohan. I met Sohan.
4. He opened the book. He started reading.
5. The boy is tall. The boy is strong.

Answers:

1. Ram went to the market and he bought some fruits.
2. She is honest and hardworking.
3. I met Mohan and Sohan.
4. He opened the book and started reading.
5. The boy is tall and strong.

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 BUT (लेकिन)

 विरोधी विचारों को जोड़ने में प्रयोग।

Questions:

1. He is poor. He is honest.
2. The boy worked hard. He did not succeed.
3. I wanted to go. It was raining.
4. She is rich. She is unhappy.
5. He ran fast. He missed the train.

Answers:

1. He is poor but honest.
2. The boy worked hard but he did not succeed.
3. I wanted to go but it was raining.
4. She is rich but unhappy.
5. He ran fast but missed the train.

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OR (या)

 विकल्प (choice) देने में प्रयोग।

Questions:

1. You may read. You may play.
2. Work hard. You will fail.
3. Do you like tea? Do you like coffee?
4. We can go to Delhi. We can go to Jaipur.
5. Should I call him? Should I send a message?

Answers:

1. You may read or play.
2. Work hard or you will fail.
3. Do you like tea or coffee?
4. We can go to Delhi or Jaipur.
5. Should I call him or send a message?

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NOR (और न / न ही)

 नकारात्मक विचारों को जोड़ने में प्रयोग।

Questions:

1. He did not call me. He did not send a message.
2. She cannot sing. She cannot dance.
3. The boy did not study. The boy did not attend class.
4. He does not respect elders. He does not love children.
5. She did not watch TV. She did not use her phone.

Answers:

1. He did not call me nor did he send a message.
2. She cannot sing nor dance.
3. The boy did not study nor attend class.
4. He does not respect elders nor love children.
5. She did not watch TV nor use her phone.

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 FOR (क्योंकि)

 कारण बताने में प्रयोग।

Questions:

1. I could not come. I was ill.
2. She is happy. She has won the prize.
3. They did not play. It was raining.
4. He must be tired. He worked all day.
5. I must go now. It is getting late.

Answers:

1. I could not come, for I was ill.
2. She is happy, for she has won the prize.
3. They did not play, for it was raining.
4. He must be tired, for he worked all day.
5. I must go now, for it is getting late.

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 SO (इसलिए)

 परिणाम बताने में प्रयोग।

Questions:

1. He was ill. He did not go to school.
2. It was raining. We stayed at home.
3. She worked hard. She passed.
4. He was late. He missed the train.
5. The shop was closed. I went home.

Answers:

1. He was ill, so he did not go to school.
2. It was raining, so we stayed at home.
3. She worked hard, so she passed.
4. He was late, so he missed the train.
5. The shop was closed, so I went home.

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  YET (फिर भी)

NOTE-विरोधाभास, but से ज्यादा strong।

Questions:

1. He is poor. He is honest.
2. It was raining. They went out.
3. She was ill. She attended the class.
4. He was tired. He helped me.
5. The exam was tough. He passed.

Answers:

1. He is poor, yet honest.
2. It was raining, yet they went out.
3. She was ill, yet she attended the class.
4. He was tired, yet he helped me.
5. The exam was tough, yet he passed.

 Directions: नीचे दिए गए दो-दो वाक्यों को एक conjunction लगाकर जोड़िए-

Questions

1. He worked hard. He did not succeed.
2. She is beautiful. She is intelligent.
3. It was raining. We stayed at home.
4. He is rich. He is unhappy.
5. You may read. You may play.
6. The boy did not study. The boy did not attend the class.
7. I could not come. I was ill.
8. He was late. He missed the train.
9. She was ill. She attended the class.
10. Ram went to the market. He bought some fruits.
11. The shop was closed. I went home.
12. I wanted to go. It was raining.
13. The exam was tough. He passed.
14. She is young. She is wise.
15. Do you like tea? Do you like coffee?

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Answers

1. He worked hard, but he did not succeed.
2. She is beautiful and intelligent.
3. It was raining, so we stayed at home.
4. He is rich, but unhappy.
5. You may read or play.
6. The boy did not study, nor did he attend the class.
7. I could not come, for I was ill.
8. He was late, so he missed the train.
9. She was ill, yet she attended the class.
10. Ram went to the market and bought some fruits.
11. The shop was closed, so I went home.
12. I wanted to go, but it was raining.
13. The exam was tough, yet he passed.
14. She is young, but wise.
15. Do you like tea or coffee?

FANBOYS Formula-

Conjunction	Hindi अर्थ	प्रयोग (Use)	Example
F – For	क्योंकि	कारण बताने के लिए	I could not come, for I was ill.
A – And	और	समान/सकारात्मक बातें जोड़ने के लिए	She is honest and hardworking.
N – Nor	न ही / और न	नकारात्मक बातें जोड़ने के लिए	He did not study, nor did he attend the class.
B – But	लेकिन	विपरीत विचार जोड़ने के लिए	He is poor, but honest.
O – Or	या	विकल्प (choice) देने के लिए	Do you like tea or coffee?
Y – Yet	फिर भी	विरोधाभास (but से strong)	She was ill, yet she attended the class.
S – So	इसलिए	परिणाम (result) बताने के लिए	It was raining, so we stayed at home.

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 Important Rules-

1. And → दो positive/similar ideas जोड़ता है।
2. But → दो opposite ideas जोड़ता है।
3. Or → विकल्प देता है।
4. Nor → नकारात्मक बातें जोड़ता है।
5. For → कारण बताता है।
6. So → परिणाम बताता है।
7. Yet → विरोधाभास दिखाता है।

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Quick Examples

• He is rich but unhappy.
• She is hardworking and intelligent.
• Do you like tea or coffee?
• He did not call me nor did he send a message.
• I was late, so I missed the train.
• She could not come, for she was ill.
• He was tired, yet he helped me.

Subordinating Conjunctions

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 Definition

Subordinating Conjunction ऐसे अव्यय होते हैं जो Main Clause (मुख्य वाक्य) को Subordinate Clause (आश्रित वाक्य) से जोड़ते हैं।
 Example:

• I stayed at home because it was raining.
• She will wait until you come.

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 मुख्य प्रकार (Types of Subordinating Conjunctions)

(A) Time (समय)

 when, while, before, after, since, until, as soon as, till
 Example: I will call you when I reach home.

(B) Cause/Reason (कारण)

 because, as, since, that
 Example: He was punished because he was careless.

(C) Condition (शर्त)

 if, unless, provided that, in case
 Example: You will fail if you don’t work hard.

(D) Purpose (उद्देश्य)

 so that, in order that, lest
 Example: He studies hard so that he may pass.

(E) Result/Consequence (परिणाम)

 so…that, such…that
 Example: He was so tired that he could not walk.

(F) Contrast (विपरीत)

 though, although, even if, whereas, while
 Example: Although he is poor, he is honest.

(G) Comparison (तुलना)

👉 than, as…as, as if
📌 Example: He is taller than his brother.

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 Important Rules

1. Until = जब तक (समय)
    Wait here until I return.
2. Unless = यदि नहीं (शर्त)
    You cannot pass unless you work hard.
3. Although/Though के बाद main clause में yet/but नहीं आएगा।
    Although he is poor, he is honest. (✔)
    Although he is poor, yet he is honest. (✘)
4. As soon as + action → दूसरा तुरंत होता है।
    As soon as the bell rang, the students ran out.
5. So…that / Such…that परिणाम दिखाते हैं।

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Sentence Joining Examples (by Types)

(A) Time

1. I was reading. He came. → I was reading when he came.
2. Finish your work. You go home. → Finish your work before you go home.
3. Wait here. I return. → Wait here until I return.

(B) Cause/Reason

1. He failed. He was careless. → He failed because he was careless.
2. I stayed at home. It was raining. → I stayed at home since it was raining.

(C) Condition

1. You study hard. You will pass. → You will pass if you study hard.
2. You do not work. You will not succeed. → You will not succeed unless you work.

(D) Purpose

1. He works hard. He may succeed. → He works hard so that he may succeed.
2. She is saving money. She can buy a house. → She is saving money in order that she can buy a house.

(E) Result

1. He was very tired. He could not walk. → He was so tired that he could not walk.
2. It was such a hot day. Nobody went out. → It was such a hot day that nobody went out.

(F) Contrast

1. He is poor. He is honest. → Although he is poor, he is honest.
2. It was raining. They went out. → They went out though it was raining.

(G) Comparison

1. He is taller. His brother is short. → He is taller than his brother.
2. She is as clever. Her friend is clever. → She is as clever as her friend.

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 Examples-

Join the sentences using correct subordinating conjunctions:

1. He was punished. He was careless.
2. Wait here. I return.
3. She will pass. She works hard.
4. He is poor. He is honest.
5. We stayed at home. It was raining.
6. The bell rang. The students ran out.
7. She is taller. Her sister is short.
8. I will help you. You need it.
9. She saved money. She could buy a car.
10. He was tired. He could not walk.

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Answers

1. He was punished because he was careless.
2. Wait here until I return.
3. She will pass if she works hard.
4. Although he is poor, he is honest.
5. We stayed at home since it was raining.
6. As soon as the bell rang, the students ran out.
7. She is taller than her sister.
8. I will help you if you need it.
9. She saved money so that she could buy a car.
10. He was so tired that he could not walk.

Revision Chart

Type	Conjunctions	Example
Time	when, while, after, before, until, since, as soon as	I will wait until you come.
Cause/Reason	because, as, since	He failed because he was careless.
Condition	if, unless, provided that	You cannot pass unless you work hard.
Purpose	so that, in order that, lest	He studies hard so that he may pass.
Result	so…that, such…that	He was so tired that he could not walk.
Contrast	though, although, even if, whereas, while	Though he is rich, he is unhappy.
Comparison	than, as…as, as if	He is taller than his brother.

✨   Comparison: Coordinating vs Subordinating Conjunctions-

Point	Coordinating Conjunctions	Subordinating Conjunctions
Definition	दो समान स्तर (equal rank) के शब्द, phrases या clauses को जोड़ते हैं।	एक Main Clause और एक Subordinate Clause (आश्रित वाक्य) को जोड़ते हैं।
Number	केवल 7 मुख्य (FANBOYS – For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So)	बहुत सारे (when, because, although, if, since, until, as soon as, etc.)
Clause Dependence	दोनों clauses स्वतंत्र (independent) हो सकते हैं।	एक clause main होता है, दूसरा उस पर dependent होता है।
Use	समान विचार, विरोध, विकल्प, कारण, परिणाम आदि simple relation दिखाने के लिए।	समय, कारण, शर्त, उद्देश्य, परिणाम, विपरीत, तुलना आदि complex relation दिखाने के लिए।
Examples	- He is poor, but honest. - Do you like tea or coffee? - It was raining, so we stayed home.	- I stayed at home because it was raining. - Wait here until I return. - Although he is poor, he is honest.
Shortcut / Formula	FANBOYS	कोई fixed formula नहीं, प्रकार के हिसाब से याद करना होता है।
Exam Tip	Coordinating से simple sentences join होते हैं।	Subordinating से complex sentences बनते हैं।

Correlative Conjunctions

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 Definition

Correlative Conjunctions ऐसे conjunctions होते हैं जो जोड़े में आते हैं और दो समान स्तर (equal rank) के words, phrases या clauses को जोड़ते हैं।

 इनका प्रयोग हमेशा pair में करना होता है।

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 Common Correlative Conjunctions

Pair	हिंदी अर्थ	Example
Either…or	या तो…या	You can either take tea or coffee.
Neither…nor	न तो…न	She is neither beautiful nor intelligent.
Both…and	दोनों…और	He is both rich and kind.
Not only…but also	न केवल…बल्कि	She is not only intelligent but also hardworking.
Whether…or	चाहे…या	I don’t know whether he will come or not.
Such…that	इतना…कि	It was such a cold day that we could not go out.
No sooner…than	जैसे ही…वैसे ही	No sooner had I reached home than it started raining.
Hardly/Scarcely…when	मुश्किल से…कि	Hardly had he slept when the phone rang.
As…as	जैसा…वैसा	She is as tall as her brother.
The more…the more	जितना…उतना	The more you read, the more you learn.

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Important Rules

1. दोनों parts का प्रयोग सही balance में होना चाहिए।
• ❌ He is both rich as well as kind.
• ✔ He is both rich and kind.
2. Neither…nor और Either…or → verb हमेशा subject के नज़दीक वाले के अनुसार लगेगा।
    Neither she nor her friends are coming.
    Either the students or the teacher is wrong.
3. No sooner…than / Hardly…when → verb हमेशा past perfect में आता है।
    No sooner had I opened the door than the cat ran away.

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Sentence Joining Examples

(A) Either…or

1. You may take tea. You may take coffee. → You may take either tea or coffee.
2. He will win. His brother will win. → Either he will win or his brother will win.

(B) Neither…nor

1. He did not come. His brother did not come. → Neither he nor his brother came.
2. She cannot sing. She cannot dance. → She can neither sing nor dance.

(C) Both…and

1. He is rich. He is kind. → He is both rich and kind.
2. She was tired. She was hungry. → She was both tired and hungry.

(D) Not only…but also

1. He is intelligent. He is hardworking. → He is not only intelligent but also hardworking.
2. She speaks English. She speaks Hindi. → She speaks not only English but also Hindi.

(E) No sooner…than

1. I reached home. It started raining. → No sooner had I reached home than it started raining.

(F) Hardly/Scarcely…when

1. He had slept. The phone rang. → Hardly had he slept when the phone rang.

(G) As…as

1. She is tall. Her brother is tall. → She is as tall as her brother.

(H) The more…the more

1. You read. You learn. → The more you read, the more you learn.

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Examples-

 Join the sentences using Correlative Conjunctions:

1. He is rich. He is kind.
2. You may go to Delhi. You may go to Jaipur.
3. She cannot sing. She cannot dance.
4. I reached home. It started raining.
5. She is beautiful. She is intelligent.
6. I don’t know. He will come. He will not come.
7. She is tall. Her brother is tall.
8. You work hard. You get success.

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Answers

1. He is both rich and kind.
2. You may go either to Delhi or to Jaipur.
3. She can neither sing nor dance.
4. No sooner had I reached home than it started raining.
5. She is not only beautiful but also intelligent.
6. I don’t know whether he will come or not.
7. She is as tall as her brother.
8. The more you work hard, the more you get success.

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Revision Chart

Pair	Use	Example
Either…or	Choice	You can either take tea or coffee.
Neither…nor	Negative	She can neither sing nor dance.
Both…and	Addition	He is both rich and kind.
Not only…but also	Emphasis	She is not only beautiful but also intelligent.
Whether…or	Doubt/Alternative	I don’t know whether he will come or not.
Such…that	Result	It was such a cold day that we stayed home.
No sooner…than	Immediate Action	No sooner had I reached home than it started raining.
Hardly/Scarcely…when	Immediate Action	Hardly had he slept when the bell rang.
As…as	Comparison (equal)	She is as tall as her brother.
The more…the more	Proportion	The more you study, the more you learn.

Difference

Type	पहचान	Example
Coordinating	2 Independent clauses जोड़ते हैं	He is poor, but honest.
Subordinating	1 Main + 1 Subordinate clause जोड़ते हैं	I stayed home because it was raining.
Correlative	Pair में प्रयोग होते हैं	She is not only clever but also kind.

 

Keywords for Conjunctions

1. Conjunction Rules in English Grammar

2. Types of Conjunctions with Examples

3. Coordinating Conjunctions Examples Sentences

4. Subordinating Conjunctions Rules and Examples

5. Correlative Conjunctions List with Examples

6. Conjunction Exercises for Class 10 and 12

7. English Grammar Conjunction Notes PDF

8. Conjunctions Questions for Board Exams

9. Easy Explanation of Conjunctions in Hindi

10. Target Classes Nohar English Grammar Notes

    Hashtags for Conjunctions

    • #EnglishGrammar

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Keywords for Conjunctions

1. Conjunction Rules in English Grammar

2. Types of Conjunctions with Examples

3. Coordinating Conjunctions Examples Sentences

4. Subordinating Conjunctions Rules and Examples

5. Correlative Conjunctions List with Examples

6. Conjunction Exercises for Class 10 and 12

7. English Grammar Conjunction Notes PDF

8. Conjunctions Questions for Board Exams

9. Easy Explanation of Conjunctions in Hindi

10. Target Classes Nohar English Grammar Notes