Narration in English Grammar | Direct and Indirect Speech Rules with Examples|Target Classes Nohar

 

Narration (Direct & Indirect Speech) ClassNotes

1. Narration क्या है?

Narration का अर्थ है किसी के बोले हुए शब्दों को व्यक्त करना।
यह दो प्रकार का होता है –

1. Direct Speech – जहाँ हम किसी के exact words को quote करते हैं।
    Example: He said, “I am busy.”
2. Indirect Speech – जहाँ हम किसी के बोले हुए शब्दों को हमारे शब्दों में बदलकर कहते हैं।
    Example: He said that he was busy.

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2. Direct से Indirect Speech बदलने के Rules

(A) Reporting Verb के अनुसार बदलाव

1. Reporting verb (said, told, asked, etc.) बदल सकता है:
• He said, “I am happy.” → He said that he was happy.
• She said to me, “You are late.” → She told me that I was late.

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(B) Tense Change Rules

अगर reporting verb past tense में हो तो tense बदलता है:

• Present Indefinite → Past Indefinite
   He said, “I go to school.” → He said that he went to school.
• Present Continuous → Past Continuous
   She said, “I am reading.” → She said that she was reading.
• Present Perfect → Past Perfect
   He said, “I have finished my work.” → He said that he had finished his work.
• Past Indefinite → Past Perfect
   She said, “I went to Delhi.” → She said that she had gone to Delhi.
• Future (will) → would
   He said, “I will come tomorrow.” → He said that he would come the next day.

⚡ Exception: अगर reporting verb present या future में हो, तो tense change नहीं होगा।
 He says, “I am happy.” → He says that he is happy.

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(C) Pronoun Change Rules

Pronoun बदलते हैं subject और object के हिसाब से:

• 1st person pronoun → subject के अनुसार
• 2nd person pronoun → object के अनुसार
• 3rd person pronoun → कोई change नहीं

 He said, “I am ready.” → He said that he was ready.
 She said to me, “You are my friend.” → She told me that I was her friend.

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(D) Time & Place Words बदलना

• now → then
• today → that day
• tomorrow → the next day / the following day
• yesterday → the previous day / the day before
• here → there
• this → that
• these → those

 He said, “I will go tomorrow.” → He said that he would go the next day.

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3. Imperative Sentences

(Commands, requests, advice, order)

• Reporting verb → told, asked, ordered, requested, advised आदि
• Sentence → to + verb

 He said to me, “Sit down.” → He told me to sit down.
 She said, “Please help me.” → She requested me to help her.

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4. Interrogative Sentences

(Questions)

• Reporting verb → asked, inquired, etc.
• Question form → statement form (no question mark)

 He said to me, “What is your name?” → He asked me what my name was.
 She said, “Do you like tea?” → She asked if I liked tea.

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5. Exclamatory Sentences

(Exclamation / Joy / Sorrow / Surprise)

• Reporting verb → exclaimed with joy/sorrow/surprise
• Exclamatory words (Hurrah!, Alas!, Oh!) हट जाते हैं

 He said, “Hurrah! We won the match.” → He exclaimed with joy that they had won the match.
 She said, “Alas! My brother is ill.” → She exclaimed with sorrow that her brother was ill.

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6. Some Important Examples

1. Direct: He said, “I can solve this problem.”
   Indirect: He said that he could solve that problem.
2. Direct: She said to me, “Did you finish your homework?”
   Indirect: She asked me if I had finished my homework.
3. Direct: He said, “Where are you going?”
   Indirect: He asked where I was going.
4. Direct: She said, “I am happy now.”
   Indirect: She said that she was happy then.

Examples of Narration (Direct → Indirect Speech)

1–10 (Statements – Assertive Sentences)

1. Direct: He said, “I am tired.”
   Indirect: He said that he was tired.
2. Direct: She said, “I like ice cream.”
   Indirect: She said that she liked ice cream.
3. Direct: They said, “We are watching a movie.”
   Indirect: They said that they were watching a movie.
4. Direct: He said, “I have finished my homework.”
   Indirect: He said that he had finished his homework.
5. Direct: She said, “I went to Delhi yesterday.”
   Indirect: She said that she had gone to Delhi the previous day.
6. Direct: He said, “I will call you tomorrow.”
   Indirect: He said that he would call me the next day.
7. Direct: They said, “We can solve the problem.”
   Indirect: They said that they could solve the problem.
8. Direct: He said, “I may come today.”
   Indirect: He said that he might come that day.
9. Direct: She said, “I am reading this book.”
   Indirect: She said that she was reading that book.
10. Direct: He said, “I shall go to the market.”
    Indirect: He said that he would go to the market.

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11–20 (Questions – Interrogative Sentences)

11. Direct: He said to me, “What is your name?”
    Indirect: He asked me what my name was.
12. Direct: She said, “Where are you going?”
    Indirect: She asked where I was going.
13. Direct: He said, “When will you come?”
    Indirect: He asked when I would come.
14. Direct: She said to me, “Do you like coffee?”
    Indirect: She asked me if I liked coffee.
15. Direct: He said, “Did you finish your work?”
    Indirect: He asked if I had finished my work.
16. Direct: They said, “Are you happy?”
    Indirect: They asked if I was happy.
17. Direct: He said, “Can you swim?”
    Indirect: He asked if I could swim.
18. Direct: She said to him, “Why are you crying?”
    Indirect: She asked him why he was crying.
19. Direct: He said, “How will you do this?”
    Indirect: He asked how I would do that.
20. Direct: They said, “Who is knocking at the door?”
    Indirect: They asked who was knocking at the door.

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21–25 (Imperative Sentences – Commands/Requests/Advice)

21. Direct: He said to me, “Open the door.”
    Indirect: He told me to open the door.
22. Direct: She said to him, “Please help me.”
    Indirect: She requested him to help her.
23. Direct: He said to me, “Work hard.”
    Indirect: He advised me to work hard.
24. Direct: The teacher said to the students, “Don’t make noise.”
    Indirect: The teacher ordered the students not to make noise.
25. Direct: Father said to me, “Always speak the truth.”
    Indirect: Father advised me to always speak the truth.

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26–30 (Exclamatory Sentences – Joy/Sorrow/Surprise)

26. Direct: He said, “Hurrah! We won the match.”
    Indirect: He exclaimed with joy that they had won the match.
27. Direct: She said, “Alas! My brother is ill.”
    Indirect: She exclaimed with sorrow that her brother was ill.
28. Direct: He said, “What a beautiful flower this is!”
    Indirect: He exclaimed that that was a very beautiful flower.
29. Direct: She said, “Oh! I missed the train.”
    Indirect: She exclaimed with regret that she had missed the train.
30. Direct: He said, “Wow! What a great idea!”
    Indirect: He exclaimed with surprise that it was a great idea.

No.	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
1	He said, “I am tired.”	He said that he was tired.
2	She said, “I like ice cream.”	She said that she liked ice cream.
3	They said, “We are watching a movie.”	They said that they were watching a movie.
4	He said, “I have finished my homework.”	He said that he had finished his homework.
5	She said, “I went to Delhi yesterday.”	She said that she had gone to Delhi the previous day.
6	He said, “I will call you tomorrow.”	He said that he would call me the next day.
7	They said, “We can solve the problem.”	They said that they could solve the problem.
8	He said, “I may come today.”	He said that he might come that day.
9	She said, “I am reading this book.”	She said that she was reading that book.
10	He said, “I shall go to the market.”	He said that he would go to the market.
11	He said to me, “What is your name?”	He asked me what my name was.
12	She said, “Where are you going?”	She asked where I was going.
13	He said, “When will you come?”	He asked when I would come.
14	She said to me, “Do you like coffee?”	She asked me if I liked coffee.
15	He said, “Did you finish your work?”	He asked if I had finished my work.
16	They said, “Are you happy?”	They asked if I was happy.
17	He said, “Can you swim?”	He asked if I could swim.
18	She said to him, “Why are you crying?”	She asked him why he was crying.
19	He said, “How will you do this?”	He asked how I would do that.
20	They said, “Who is knocking at the door?”	They asked who was knocking at the door.
21	He said to me, “Open the door.”	He told me to open the door.
22	She said to him, “Please help me.”	She requested him to help her.
23	He said to me, “Work hard.”	He advised me to work hard.
24	The teacher said to the students, “Don’t make noise.”	The teacher ordered the students not to make noise.
25	Father said to me, “Always speak the truth.”	Father advised me to always speak the truth.
26	He said, “Hurrah! We won the match.”	He exclaimed with joy that they had won the match.
27	She said, “Alas! My brother is ill.”	She exclaimed with sorrow that her brother was ill.
28	He said, “What a beautiful flower this is!”	He exclaimed that that was a very beautiful flower.
29	She said, “Oh! I missed the train.”	She exclaimed with regret that she had missed the train.
30	He said, “Wow! What a great idea!”	He exclaimed with surprise that it was a great idea.

 

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